Subs, functions

In VB.NET, Subs and Functions contain behavior. A Sub procedure returns no value. Functions return a value, often based on a variable.

Procedures optionally have argument lists and formal parameters. A parameter influence a procedure's behavior. Parameters can be passed ByVal or ByRef.

Example sub

We declare and call a Sub procedure. We use different syntaxes to call the procedure. The program also shows XML comments. Subroutines return no value to the caller.

Module Module1

    Sub Main()
        '
        ' Call the Sub Procedure, which returns no value.
        ' ... You can put all the arguments on one line.
        '
        WriteArguments(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
        '
        ' Call the Sub Procedure again.
        ' ... You can use the line continuation marker to break up the lines.
        '
        WriteArguments(1000, _
            2000, _
            3000, _
            4000, _
            5000)
    End Sub

    ''' <summary>
    ''' Prints out the five arguments.
    ''' </summary>
    ''' <param name="param1">Description 1.</param>
    ''' <param name="param2">Description 2.</param>
    ''' <param name="param3">Description 3.</param>
    ''' <param name="param4">Description 4.</param>
    ''' <param name="param5">Description 5.</param>
    ''' <remarks>Made by Dot Net Perls.</remarks>
    Sub WriteArguments(ByVal param1 As Integer, _
                       ByVal param2 As Integer, _
                       ByVal param3 As Integer, _
                       ByVal param4 As Integer, _
                       ByVal param5 As Integer)
        Console.WriteLine(param1)
        Console.WriteLine(param2)
        Console.WriteLine(param3)
        Console.WriteLine(param4)
        Console.WriteLine(param5)
    End Sub

End Module
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2
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5
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000

XML comments

To add an XML-based comment to a function, type three single-quote characters. Then insert the text inside the XML tags that appear.

Module Module1

    ''' <summary>
    ''' Type 3 apostrophes on top of a Function.
    ''' </summary>
    ''' <returns></returns>
    Function Example() As Integer
        Return 100
    End Function

    Sub Main()

    End Sub

End Module

Dim, As

We use the Dim and As keywords within a method body. Dim begins a variable declaration. And with As we specify that variable's type.

Module Module1

    Sub Main()
        ' The Dim keyword is used to declare a variable.
        ' ... With As we specify its type.
        Dim value As Integer = 100
        Console.WriteLine(value)
    End Sub

End Module
100

Functions

Let us contrast the Function keyword to the Sub keyword. The Sub does not return a value to its caller. But a Function returns a value.

Module Module1

    Function MultiplyByTwo(ByVal test As Integer) As Integer
        Return test * 2
    End Function

    Sub Main()
        ' Call the Function with an argument of 5.
        Console.WriteLine(MultiplyByTwo(5))
    End Sub

End Module
10

Shared

A Function or Sub can be shared throughout all instances of the enclosing class. An instance reference is not needed to call a Shared Function.

Class Utility
    ''' <summary>
    ''' Displays a helpful message.
    ''' </summary>
    Public Shared Sub Message()
        Console.WriteLine("Hello world")
    End Sub
End Class

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        ' We do not use a Utility instance to call the shared Sub.
        Utility.Message()
    End Sub
End Module
Hello world

Comment

A comment is best written at the level of intention. We explain what the code is meant to accomplish. If a computation is important, a comment makes it more prominent.

Module Module1
    REM This is Module1.

    ''' <summary>
    ''' This is an XML comment.
    ''' </summary>
    ''' <remarks>Called at program start.</remarks>
    Sub Main()
        REM Get square root of 225.
        Dim value As Double = Math.Sqrt(225)

        ' Print value. (Other comment syntax.)
        ' ... Sometimes it helps to indent comments.
        Console.WriteLine(value)
    End Sub
End Module
15

Underscore

This language does not allow line breaks everywhere. A newline signals the end of a statement. But an underscore allows a statement to span many lines.

Module Module1

    Sub Main()
        Dim longerVariableName As Dictionary(Of String, KeyValuePair(Of Boolean, ....
        longerVariableName("a") = Nothing
    End Sub

End Module
Module Module1

    Sub Main()
        Dim longerVariableName _
            As Dictionary(Of String, KeyValuePair(Of Boolean, Integer)) = _
            New Dictionary(Of String, KeyValuePair(Of Boolean, Integer))(5000)
        longerVariableName("a") = Nothing
    End Sub

End Module

AddressOf

This operator allows us to reference a Function or Sub by its name. We can then pass the result to another Function. Here, Array.FindIndex requires a Predicate argument.

Module Module1

    Function IsMatch(ByVal item As String) As Boolean
        Return item.Length = 4
    End Function

    Sub Main()
        Dim items() As String = {"cat", "apple", "baby"}
        ' Use AddressOf to specify IsMatch as the Predicate.
        Dim index As Integer = Array.FindIndex(items, AddressOf IsMatch)
        Console.WriteLine(index)
    End Sub

End Module
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The Sub procedure syntax is often used in VB.NET programs. Subroutines (Subs) return no value. We compared Subs with Functions.