None

In Python None is a special value. It is a value that indicates no value. It is often returned by collections (such as dictionaries) or methods.

We must handle None in a special way. We cannot call methods, such as len(), on a None value. A TypeError may result from invalid usage.

Example

We show a common TypeError that occurs with None values. We call len() on a string. But when we change that variable to point to None, len() no longer works.

# Get length of this string.
s = "value"
print(len(s))

# Cannot get length of None.
s = None
print(len(s))
5
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "...", line 7, in <module>
    print(len(s))
TypeError: object of type 'NoneType' has no len()

TypeError fix

We next provide a fix for incorrectly using a None reference. In test(), we check the parameter "v" against none in an if-statement. If the value is not None, we use len().

def test(v):
    # Test for None.
    # ... Print -1 for length if None.
    if v != None:
        print(len(v))
    else:
        print(-1)

# Use None argument.
test(None)

# Use string argument.
test("hello")
-1
5

Dictionary

None is used throughout Python types. It is often tested when accessing elements in a dictionary. Here we call the get method on the dictionary on a key that is not stored.

items = {"cat" : 1, "dog" : 2, "piranha" : 3}

# Get an element that does not exist.
v = items.get("giraffe")

# Test for it.
if v == None:
    print("Not found")
Not found

Empty

None is not the same thing as empty. A list (or string) can be empty. An empty list has length of 0, and an empty string equals the literal "".

# This is an empty list of length 0.
values = []
print(len(values))

# This is a nonexistent (None) list, with no length.
values = None
print(len(values))
0
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "...", line 8, in <module>
    print(len(values))
TypeError: 'NoneType' has no length

Not

We can test for a None value with not. This is a clearer syntax form than testing against the None constant. Usually the clearer, shortest syntax is best.

value = "gerbil"
if not value:
    print("A") # Not reached.

value = None
if not value:
    print("B") # "Not" matches None value.
B

Def

A method returns None when no return value is specified. So we can store the result of any method. Here, we return 1 in a certain situation, but otherwise just return None.

def find(n):
    # This returns a value only if n equals 2.
    # ... Otherwise it returns None.
    if n == 2:
        return 1

# The method returns None.
result = find(3)
print(result)
None

The None value is used throughout Python programs. As a special value, it must be specially used. It is often returned by types like dictionaries.

TypeError

We encounter a TypeError when we try to use None in an invalid way. And we can fix this problem by checking for it, as with an if-statement.