Intermediate language

C# code has a high level of abstraction. The intermediate language has a lower level—it is a higher level than machine code, but harder to read than C#.

The IL has instructions that manipulate the stack. These instructions, called intermediate language opcodes, reside in a relational database called the metadata.

First, we examine a C# program and the intermediate language generated from the C# code with the C# compiler. The C# increment statement and its IL is highlighted.

Info At L_0000, you can see that the constant number zero is pushed onto the evaluation stack through the instruction ldc.

Tip The instruction "br" indicates a branch. It will change what instruction is executed next based on the condition.

Note Before WriteLine is called, the location of the local variable is pushed to the evaluation stack. This is used as an argument.

Note 2 An increment is implemented by pushing a constant one to the evaluation stack, and then using the add instruction to increment.

Next The line L_0011 implements another instruction that returns control to the beginning of the loop if the condition is met.

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        int i = 0;
        while (i < 10)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(i);
            i++;
        }
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void Main() cil managed
{
    .entrypoint
    .maxstack 2
    .locals init (
        [0] int32 num)
    L_0000: ldc.i4.0
    L_0001: stloc.0
    L_0002: br.s L_000e
    L_0004: ldloc.0
    L_0005: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(int32)
    L_000a: ldloc.0
    L_000b: ldc.i4.1
    L_000c: add
    L_000d: stloc.0
    L_000e: ldloc.0
    L_000f: ldc.i4.s 10
    L_0011: blt.s L_0004
    L_0013: ret
}

Bne

If-statements are translated into branch instructions. One such intermediate language instruction, bne, stands for branch if not equal.

Detail The important method here is called A(). If its argument is equal to 1, it writes something to the console.

Here The constant 1 is pushed with ldc. And the bne instruction is used. It branches based on the constant.

Finally If the two values on the top of the stack (the constant 1 and the argument int) are not equal, we jump forward to line IL_000f.

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        A(0);
        A(1);
        A(2);
    }

    static void A(int value)
    {
        if (value == 1)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Hi");
        }
        else
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Bye");
        }
    }
}Bye
Hi
Bye.method private hidebysig static void  A(int32 'value') cil managed
{
  // Code size       26 (0x1a)
  .maxstack  8
  IL_0000:  ldarg.0
  IL_0001:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_0002:  bne.un.s   IL_000f
  IL_0004:  ldstr      "Hi"
  IL_0009:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)
  IL_000e:  ret
  IL_000f:  ldstr      "Bye"
  IL_0014:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)
  IL_0019:  ret
} // end of method Program::A

Call

A call instruction invokes a static or Shared method. We learn about the call instruction in the .NET Framework's intermediate language.

Detail In the Main method, we create an instance of Program and call its instance method A. Finally we call the static method B.

class Program
{
    void A()
    {
    }

    static void B()
    {
    }

    static void Main()
    {
        Program p = new Program();
        p.A();

        Program.B();
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void  Main() cil managed
{
  .entrypoint
  // Code size       18 (0x12)
  .maxstack  1
  .locals init ([0] class Program p)
  IL_0000:  newobj     instance void Program::.ctor()
  IL_0005:  stloc.0
  IL_0006:  ldloc.0
  IL_0007:  callvirt   instance void Program::A()
  IL_000c:  call       void Program::B()
  IL_0011:  ret
} // end of method Program::Main

Callvirt

This is an intermediate language instruction. It is used on instance methods. The call instruction meanwhile is used on static methods.

class Test
{
    public int M()
    {
        return 0;
    }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Test t = new Test();
        int i = t.M();
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void Main() cil managed
{
    .entrypoint
    .maxstack 1
    .locals init (
        [0] class Test t)
    L_0000: newobj instance void Test::.ctor()
    L_0005: stloc.0
    L_0006: ldloc.0
    L_0007: callvirt instance int32 Test::M()
    L_000c: pop
    L_000d: ret
}class Test
{
    static public int M()
    {
        return 0;
    }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        int i = Test.M();
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void Main() cil managed
{
    .entrypoint
    .maxstack 8
    L_0000: call int32 Test::M()
    L_0005: pop
    L_0006: ret
}

Ldarg

This instruction is common. It places an argument onto the evaluation stack. There are several common variants of ldarg in the .NET Framework.

Note In the IL section of the code example, we see the ldarg.0 and ldarg.1 instructions.

Detail The 0 and 1 refer to the position of the argument list (formal parameter list).

And This means ldarg.0 pushes an int32 onto the evaluation stack, and ldarg.1 pushes a string onto the evaluation stack.

static int Something(int a, string b)
{
    a += 1;
    int y = b.Length + a;
    return y;
}.method private hidebysig static int32  Something(int32 a,
                                                  string b) cil managed
{
  // Code size       16 (0x10)
  .maxstack  2
  .locals init ([0] int32 y)
  IL_0000:  ldarg.0
  IL_0001:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_0002:  add
  IL_0003:  starg.s    a
  IL_0005:  ldarg.1
  IL_0006:  callvirt   instance int32 [mscorlib]System.String::get_Length()
  IL_000b:  ldarg.0
  IL_000c:  add
  IL_000d:  stloc.0
  IL_000e:  ldloc.0
  IL_000f:  ret
} // end of method Program::Something

Ldc

With the ldc instruction, the .NET Framework loads constant values (such as integers) onto the evaluation stack, making many program constructs possible.

Tip This program uses six constant values. We pass each constant to Console.WriteLine.

Tip 2 For the values 0 and 8, we find the instructions ldc.i4.0 and ldc.i4.8 are used.

Result These load a 4-byte integer with value 0 and 8 to the top of the stack.

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(0);
        Console.WriteLine(8);
        Console.WriteLine(9);
        Console.WriteLine(-1);
        Console.WriteLine('a');
        Console.WriteLine(1.23);
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void  Main() cil managed
{
  .entrypoint
  // Code size       47 (0x2f)
  .maxstack  8
  IL_0000:  ldc.i4.0
  IL_0001:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(int32)
  IL_0006:  ldc.i4.8
  IL_0007:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(int32)
  IL_000c:  ldc.i4.s   9
  IL_000e:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(int32)
  IL_0013:  ldc.i4.m1
  IL_0014:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(int32)
  IL_0019:  ldc.i4.s   97
  IL_001b:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(char)
  IL_0020:  ldc.r8     1.23
  IL_0029:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(float64)
  IL_002e:  ret
} // end of method Program::Main

Ldloc

How are local variables used in the intermediate language? In IL locals are allocated separately and accessed by indexes with the ldloc instruction.

Note In the intermediate language, the ".locals" section indicates that four locals are allocated each time the method is called.

Info The four local variables are indexed by the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3. These indexes are used later in the IL.

static int Example()
{
    int a = 1;
    string y = "cat";
    bool b = false;
    int result = a + y.Length + (b ? 1 : 0);
    return result;
}.method private hidebysig static int32  Example() cil managed
{
  // Code size       29 (0x1d)
  .maxstack  3
  .locals init ([0] int32 a,
           [1] string y,
           [2] bool b,
           [3] int32 result)
  IL_0000:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_0001:  stloc.0
  IL_0002:  ldstr      "cat"
  IL_0007:  stloc.1
  IL_0008:  ldc.i4.0
  IL_0009:  stloc.2
  IL_000a:  ldloc.0
  IL_000b:  ldloc.1
  IL_000c:  callvirt   instance int32 [mscorlib]System.String::get_Length()
  IL_0011:  add
  IL_0012:  ldloc.2
  IL_0013:  brtrue.s   IL_0018
  IL_0015:  ldc.i4.0
  IL_0016:  br.s       IL_0019
  IL_0018:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_0019:  add
  IL_001a:  stloc.3
  IL_001b:  ldloc.3
  IL_001c:  ret
} // end of method Program::Example

Ldsfld

In addition to storing values in static fields, there exists an intermediate language instruction to load values from them.

Detail This program assigns the static field _a to 3. This is done with stsfld.

Next The ldsfld pushes the value stored in the location of _a onto the top of the evaluation stack.

Then We load the constant 4 onto the top of the evaluation stack with the ldc.i4.4 instruction.

using System;

class Program
{
    static int _a;
    static void Main()
    {
        Program._a = 3;
        if (Program._a == 4)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(true);
        }
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void  Main() cil managed
{
  .entrypoint
  // Code size       21 (0x15)
  .maxstack  8
  IL_0000:  ldc.i4.3
  IL_0001:  stsfld     int32 Program::_a
  IL_0006:  ldsfld     int32 Program::_a
  IL_000b:  ldc.i4.4
  IL_000c:  bne.un.s   IL_0014
  IL_000e:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_000f:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(bool)
  IL_0014:  ret
} // end of method Program::Main

Newarr

The newarr instruction creates a vector. This is a one-dimensional array. Vectors have special support in the .NET Framework.

Next This program creates an int array of ten elements. The first element is initialized so the compiler does not eliminate any code.

Detail The constant 10 is loaded onto the evaluation stack before newarr is encountered. This causes the array to have ten elements.

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        int[] array = new int[10];
        array[0] = 1;
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void  Main() cil managed
{
  .entrypoint
  // Code size       13 (0xd)
  .maxstack  3
  .locals init ([0] int32[] 'array')
  IL_0000:  ldc.i4.s   10
  IL_0002:  newarr     [mscorlib]System.Int32
  IL_0007:  stloc.0
  IL_0008:  ldloc.0
  IL_0009:  ldc.i4.0
  IL_000a:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_000b:  stelem.i4
  IL_000c:  ret
} // end of method Program::Main

Ret

Every method executed has a ret instruction. This returns control from the method to the calling method. The instruction sometimes returns a value.

Next Let's look at a simple C# method that returns an integer value. This method adds two to the argument.

Tip You can see the argument is accessed with ldarg.0. Finally, the ret instruction appears at the end of the method.

Detail The evaluation stack at the time ret is executed has the result of the add instruction on it. This is returned.

static int Method(int value)
{
    return 2 + value;
}.method private hidebysig static int32  Method(int32 'value') cil managed
{
  // Code size       4 (0x4)
  .maxstack  8
  IL_0000:  ldc.i4.2
  IL_0001:  ldarg.0
  IL_0002:  add
  IL_0003:  ret
} // end of method Program::Method

Stelem

This stores a value inside an array element. Its performance depends on the type of the element and array. We test stelem in some C# programs.

Detail When you assign elements in an array, the array itself is pushed onto the stack (newarr).

Next The index you are using in the array is pushed onto the stack (ldc), and the value you want to put into the array is pushed (ldloc).

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        char[] c = new char[100];
        c[0] = 'f';
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void Main() cil managed
{
    .entrypoint
    .maxstack 3
    .locals init (
        [0] char[] c)
    L_0000: ldc.i4.s 100
    L_0002: newarr char
    L_0007: stloc.0
    L_0008: ldloc.0
    L_0009: ldc.i4.0
    L_000a: ldc.i4.s 0x66
    L_000c: stelem.i2
    L_000d: ret
}class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        int[] i = new int[100];
        i[0] = 5;
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void Main() cil managed
{
    .entrypoint
    .maxstack 3
    .locals init (
        [0] int32[] i)
    L_0000: ldc.i4.s 100
    L_0002: newarr int32
    L_0007: stloc.0
    L_0008: ldloc.0
    L_0009: ldc.i4.0
    L_000a: ldc.i4.5
    L_000b: stelem.i4
    L_000c: ret
}

Stsfld

What is the stsfld instruction? This stores the value on top of the evaluation stack into a static field. We demonstrate this instruction.

However In the intermediate language, we load a constant value 3 (ldc.i4.3) onto the top of the evaluation stack.

Then We have a stsfld with the argument being the address of _a. So the top value (3) is stored into the location pointed to by _a.

using System;

class Program
{
    static int _a;
    static void Main()
    {
        Program._a = 3;
        if (Program._a == 4)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(true);
        }
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void  Main() cil managed
{
  .entrypoint
  // Code size       21 (0x15)
  .maxstack  8
  IL_0000:  ldc.i4.3
  IL_0001:  stsfld     int32 Program::_a
  IL_0006:  ldsfld     int32 Program::_a
  IL_000b:  ldc.i4.4
  IL_000c:  bne.un.s   IL_0014
  IL_000e:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_000f:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(bool)
  IL_0014:  ret
} // end of method Program::Main

Switch

The switch instruction is implemented with a jump table. The switch keyword—in the C# language—is typically compiled to a switch instruction.

Detail In the intermediate language, we see the instruction switch (IL_0020, IL_0027, IL_002e).

Note Those three identifiers point to lines, which are underlined. So the switch jumps to locations.

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        int i = int.Parse("1");
        switch (i)
        {
            case 0:
                Console.WriteLine(0);
                break;
            case 1:
                Console.WriteLine(1);
                break;
            case 2:
                Console.WriteLine(2);
                break;
        }
    }
}.method private hidebysig static void  Main() cil managed
{
  .entrypoint
  // Code size       53 (0x35)
  .maxstack  1
  .locals init ([0] int32 i,
           [1] int32 CS$0$0000)
  IL_0000:  ldstr      "1"
  IL_0005:  call       int32 [mscorlib]System.Int32::Parse(string)
  IL_000a:  stloc.0
  IL_000b:  ldloc.0
  IL_000c:  stloc.1
  IL_000d:  ldloc.1
  IL_000e:  switch     (
                        IL_0020,
                        IL_0027,
                        IL_002e)
  IL_001f:  ret
  IL_0020:  ldc.i4.0
  IL_0021:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(int32)
  IL_0026:  ret
  IL_0027:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_0028:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(int32)
  IL_002d:  ret
  IL_002e:  ldc.i4.2
  IL_002f:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(int32)
  IL_0034:  ret
} // end of method Program::Main

A summary

The intermediate language is not needed every day. It usually goes without notice. But it opens up a new way of understanding what C# code does.