IEnumerable

In C# IEnumerable things (like arrays or Lists) have elements that come one after another. They can be looped over with foreach.

Besides looping over IEnumerable things, we can invoke extension methods upon them. System.Linq gives us many methods that act upon IEnumerables.

Query example

Here we use IEnumerable as the return value of a query expression. We use it with foreach-loops, and also call extension methods on it.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

// Part 1: query expression.
IEnumerable<int> result = from value in Enumerable.Range(0, 5)
                          select value;

// Part 2: loop over IEnumerable.
foreach (int value in result)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"IENUMERABLE: {value}");
}
IENUMERABLE: 0
IENUMERABLE: 1
IENUMERABLE: 2
IENUMERABLE: 3
IENUMERABLE: 4

Extension methods

In System.Linq, many extension methods that act upon IEnumerable are available. These are used in many C# programs.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

int[] values = new int[] { 2, 3, 1 };

// Part 1: use Average extension method on IEnumerable.
double average = values.Average();
Console.WriteLine($"AVERAGE: {average}");

// Part 2: convert IEnumerable with ToList extension.
List<int> list = values.ToList();
Console.WriteLine($"TOLIST: {list.Count}");
AVERAGE: 2
TOLIST: 3

Arguments

Many classes implement IEnumerable. We can pass them directly to methods that receive IEnumerable arguments. The type parameter must be the same.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Display(new List<bool> { true, false, true });
    }

    static void Display(IEnumerable<bool> argument)
    {
        foreach (bool value in argument)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(value);
        }
    }
}
True
False
True

2D array

IEnumerable works with a 2D array. It enables a foreach-loop over the values in a 2D or jagged array. We create a custom method that returns IEnumerable.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

class Program
{
    static int[,] _grid = new int[15, 15];

    static void Main()
    {
        // Initialize some elements in 2D array.
        _grid[0, 1] = 4;
        _grid[4, 4] = 5;
        _grid[14, 2] = 3;

        // Sum values in 2D array.
        int sum = 0;
        foreach (int value in GridValues())
        {
            sum += value;
        }
        // Write result.
        Console.WriteLine("SUMMED 2D ELEMENTS: " + sum);
    }

    public static IEnumerable<int> GridValues()
    {
        // Use yield return to return all 2D array elements.
        for (int x = 0; x < 15; x++)
        {
            for (int y = 0; y < 15; y++)
            {
                yield return _grid[x, y];
            }
        }
    }
}
SUMMED 2D ELEMENTS: 12

GetEnumerator error

In a class, the foreach-loop is not by default supported. A GetEnumerator method (often part of the IEnumerable interface) is required.

using System;

class Example
{
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Example example = new Example();
        // This does not compile: GetEnumerator is required.
        foreach (string element in example)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(true);
        }
    }
}
error CS1579: foreach statement cannot operate on
    variables of type 'Example' because 'Example' does
    not contain a public definition for 'GetEnumerator'

Implement IEnumerable

This example implements the IEnumerable interface on an Example class. The class contains a List, and for GetEnumerator, we use the List's GetEnumerator method.

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;

class Example : IEnumerable<string>
{
    List<string> _elements;

    public Example(string[] array)
    {
        this._elements = new List<string>(array);
    }

    IEnumerator<string> IEnumerable<string>.GetEnumerator()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("HERE");
        return this._elements.GetEnumerator();
    }

    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
    {
        return this._elements.GetEnumerator();
    }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Example example = new Example(new string[] { "cat", "dog", "bird" });
        // The foreach-loop calls the generic GetEnumerator method.
        // ... It then uses the List's Enumerator.
        foreach (string element in example)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(element);
        }
    }
}
HERE
cat
dog
bird

Range

Some methods, like Enumerable.Range(), make it easier to create IEnumerable collections. We do not need to create a separate array.

using System;
using System.Linq;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        // Get IEnumerable from Enumerable.Range and loop over it.
        foreach (int value in Enumerable.Range(100, 2))
        {
            Console.WriteLine("RANGE(0, 2): {0}", value);
        }
    }
}
RANGE(0, 2): 100
RANGE(0, 2): 101

Benchmark, IEnumerable

A single IEnumerable method can reduce code size—this has speed advantages. For numeric methods, though, using an array directly is usually a faster approach.

using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;

const int _max = 1000000;
int[] values = { 10, 20, 30 };
// Version 1: loop over array directly.
var s1 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
for (int i = 0; i < _max; i++)
{
    int sum = 0;
    foreach (int value in values)
    {
        sum += value;
    }
    if (sum == 0)
    {
        return;
    }
}
s1.Stop();
// Version 2: convert array to IEnumerable and loop over IEnumerable elements.
var s2 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
for (int i = 0; i < _max; i++)
{
    int sum = 0;
    var enumerable = values.AsEnumerable();
    foreach (int value in enumerable)
    {
        sum += value;
    }
    if (sum == 0)
    {
        return;
    }
}
s2.Stop();
Console.WriteLine(((double)(s1.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds * 1000000) / _max).ToString("0.00 ns"));
Console.WriteLine(((double)(s2.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds * 1000000) / _max).ToString("0.00 ns"));
 2.53 ns    int[], foreach
38.80 ns    IEnumerable int, foreach

Yield

This keyword is placed before "return." It is used in methods that return IEnumerable. We can use yield to "save the state" of the function after the return.

Foreach

This kind of loop has advantages. It results in simpler, clearer syntax. We no longer need to track indexes with variables (which often have confusing names).

IOrderedEnumerable

If we use an orderby clause in a query expression, we receive an IOrderedEnumerable. This can be used in the same way as an IEnumerable—we can loop over it.

This generic interface provides an abstraction for looping over elements. It provides foreach-loop support. And it allows us to use LINQ extensions.