For, `For Each`

Again and again, a VB.NET loop executes statements. The For-loop proceeds from a lower to an upper bound—a step indicates its progression.

Another loop, For-Each, requires a collection—it enumerates each item. Other loops, such as While, continue until a condition is met. If the end is not yet known, While is best.

Simple example

To begin, we see a simple For-loop that starts at 0, and continues to 2 (it includes 2, which is specified as the loop bound). In VB.NET the top bound is inclusive.

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        ' Simple example, loop from 0 to 2.
        For i As Integer = 0 To 2
            Console.WriteLine("I: {0}", i)
        Next
    End Sub
End ModuleI: 0
I: 1
I: 2

Complex example

Consider a For-loop that goes from 0 to (and including) 5. We can optionally place an Exit For inside this loop for added control over iteration.

Step 1 We use the lower bound 0 and the upper bound 5 in this For-loop statement. The two bounds are inclusive (0 and 5 are included).

Step 2 We print the current index of the For loop on each iteration. We exit after 3 is printed.

Step 3 We see the Exit For statement—this statement breaks out of the enclosing For-loop. Exit works in all loops and Subs.

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        ' Step 1: specify a loop goes from 0 to 5.
        For value As Integer = 0 To 5
            ' Step 2: print the current index of the loop.
            Console.WriteLine("CURRENT FOR-INDEX: {0}", value)

            ' Step 3: exit condition if the value is 3.
            If value = 3 Then
                Exit For
            End If
        Next
    End Sub
End ModuleCURRENT FOR-INDEX: 0
CURRENT FOR-INDEX: 1
CURRENT FOR-INDEX: 2
CURRENT FOR-INDEX: 3

Step

Here we want to decrement the counter variable instead of increment it. In other words, we go down not up. We start at 10 and then continued own in steps of 2 to 0.

Also The Step keyword is used near the end of the For-statement. A step is the delta each loop iteration will have.

So If you want to decrement by 1 each time, you can use -1. If you want to increment by 1, use 1.

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        ' This loop uses Step to go down 2 each iteration.
        For value As Integer = 10 To 0 Step -2
            Console.WriteLine(value)
        Next
    End Sub
End Module10
8
6
4
2
0

Nested For

In many programs, nested loops are essential. In a For-loop, we uniquely name the iteration variable. And we reference all iteration variables (row, column) in an inner block.

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        ' Use a nested For-loop.
        For row As Integer = 0 To 2
            For column As Integer = 0 To 2
                Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", row, column)
            Next
        Next
    End Sub
End Module0,0
0,1
0,2
1,0
1,1
1,2
2,0
2,1
2,2

`For Each` example

Next, we consider the For-Each loop construct. We create a String array (of color names). We enumerate each string in the array.

Tip By using For-Each, we reduce errors in programs. We do not need to maintain the index ourselves.

Here We have a "color" variable we can access in each iteration of the loop. We just pass it to Console.WriteLine.

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        ' The input array.
        Dim colors() As String = {"blue", "orange", "yellow", "magenta"}
        ' Loop over each element with For Each.
        For Each color As String In colors
            Console.WriteLine(color)
        Next
    End Sub
End Moduleblue
orange
yellow
magenta

`For Each`, compared

How does the For-Each loop compare to the For-loop? First, the For-loop construct may be faster in some cases.

However As we see in this example, the For-loop has more complexity and is longer in the source code.

Tip To use For, you need to declare an iteration variable and also specify the loop bounds.

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        ' The input array.
        Dim shapes() As String = {"circle", "square", "ellipse", "rectangle"}
        ' Loop over each element with For Each.
        For Each shape As String In shapes
            Console.WriteLine(shape)
        Next
        ' Blank line.
        Console.WriteLine()
        ' Use For-loop.
        For index As Integer = 0 To shapes.Length - 1
            Console.WriteLine(shapes(index))
        Next
    End Sub
End Modulecircle
square
ellipse
rectangle

circle
square
ellipse
rectangle

`For Each`, `List`

Often we use For Each on a List. The loop works on anything that implements IEnumerable, which includes Lists and arrays. Here we enumerate an Integer List.

Module Module1

    Sub Main()
        ' Create new List of 5 Integers.
        Dim ids = New List(Of Integer)({100, 101, 120, 121, 123})

        ' Enumerate all IDs.
        For Each id In ids
            Console.WriteLine($"FOR EACH, CURRENT ID = {id}")
        Next
    End Sub

End Module
FOR EACH, CURRENT ID = 100
FOR EACH, CURRENT ID = 101
FOR EACH, CURRENT ID = 120
FOR EACH, CURRENT ID = 121
FOR EACH, CURRENT ID = 123

For, `String` Chars

The For and For-Each loops can be used on String variables. This gives us a way to check, or process, each character in the Object data.

Detail The For-Each loop can also be used on Strings. When you do not need the index, For-Each is a better, cleaner choice.

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        Dim value As String = "cat"

        ' Start at zero and proceed until final index.
        For i As Integer = 0 To value.Length - 1
            ' Get character from string.
            Dim c As Char = value(i)

            ' Test and display character.
            If c = "c" Then
                Console.WriteLine("***C***")
            Else
                Console.WriteLine(c)
            End If
        Next
    End Sub
End Module***C***
a
t

Adjacent indexes

Often in For-loops, we need adjacent indexes. We can start at the second index (1) and then access the previous element each time, getting all pairs.

Tip With this For-loop, we could check for duplicates in a sorted array, or repeated values in any array.

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        Dim value As String = "abcd"

        ' Start at one so the previous index is always valid.
        For i As Integer = 1 To value.Length - 1
            ' Get adjacent characters.
            Dim c As Char = value(i - 1)
            Dim c2 As Char = value(i)
            Console.WriteLine(c & c2)
        Next
    End Sub
End Moduleab
bc
cd

Long, non-integer indexes

The For-loop supports non-integer indexes like Long, Short and UShort. Char is not supported. Here we use For with a Long index.

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        ' Loop over last three Longs.
        For d As Long = Long.MaxValue To Long.MaxValue - 2 Step -1
            Console.WriteLine(d)
        Next
    End Sub
End Module9223372036854775807
9223372036854775806
9223372036854775805

Nested For, Exit For

Let us revisit nested "For" loops with a more complex example. Here we have a loop that decrements inside a loop that increments.

Part 1 We iterate from 0 to 3 inclusive in the outer For-loop. Inside this loop, we have a nested loop.

Part 2 This is a decrementing loop—we specify its Step as -1, so it counts down.

Part 3 We try to exit the inner loop. When 2 for-loops are nested, and we have an Exit For statement, the inner loop is exited.

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        ' Part 1: outer for-loop.
        For value As Integer = 0 To 3
            Console.WriteLine("OUTER LOOP: {0}", value)

            ' Part 2: inner for-loop.
            For value2 As Integer = 5 To 0 Step -1
                Console.WriteLine("INNER LOOP: {0}", value2)

                ' Part 3: exit condition.
                If value2 = 3 Then
                    ' ... Exit the inner loop.
                    Console.WriteLine("EXIT INNER FOR")
                    Exit For
                End If
            Next

        Next
    End Sub
End ModuleOUTER LOOP: 0
INNER LOOP: 5
INNER LOOP: 4
INNER LOOP: 3
EXIT INNER FOR
OUTER LOOP: 1
INNER LOOP: 5
INNER LOOP: 4
INNER LOOP: 3
EXIT INNER FOR
OUTER LOOP: 2
INNER LOOP: 5
INNER LOOP: 4
INNER LOOP: 3
EXIT INNER FOR
OUTER LOOP: 3
INNER LOOP: 5
INNER LOOP: 4
INNER LOOP: 3
EXIT INNER FOR

The For-loop is a core looping construct. It provides a way to explicitly specify the loop bounds. Meanwhile, For Each helps us avoid coding errors by not using the index at all.

For, For Each