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For loop

Consider a range of numbers—0, 1, 2. A for-loop can step through this range, with minimal syntax and clear code in Rust.

The for-loop syntax in Rust uses some special characters. Is the for-loop supposed to include, or exclude the second number in the range? We can do both with special Rust syntax.

Inclusive for

This program uses the most common, and probably clearest, syntax for iteration in Rust. It starts at a number, and ends when a second number is reached.

Important The range looped over by for is exclusive, so the second number is never reached in the loop body.

fn main() {
    // Loop over first 3 numbers.
    // ... The top bounds is exclusive (not included).
    for i in 0..3 {
        println!("Hello: {}", i)
    }
}Hello: 0
Hello: 1
Hello: 2

Inclusive for

Sometimes, like when looping up the maximum integer value in a type, we want to include the second number. We can use the equals sign in the range for this.

Here We loop over the last 4 numbers in the i32 type. We use the i32 MAX constant to avoid having to type out the entire number.

fn main() {
    // Loop over last 4 numbers in the i32 type.
    // ... Use "=" in range to include that number.
    //     Use "i32::MAX."
    for i in i32::MAX - 3..=i32::MAX {
        println!("I: {}", i)
    }
}I: 2147483644
I: 2147483645
I: 2147483646
I: 2147483647

For each loop

We can use a for-in loop over a vector or slice. Here we create a vector and push 3 integers to it. Then we use it in 2 for-loops, one after the other.

Important We must borrow the vector in the first for-loop so that it is not moved into the loop.

Info If we do not borrow the vector in the first for-loop, it would become unavailable for later use.

Detail If we want to use a for-in loop but do not care about the elements, we can use an underscore "_" to eliminate compiler warnings.

fn main() {
    let mut values = vec![];
    values.push(10);
    values.push(20);
    values.push(30);

    // Use for-loop over values.
    // Borrow the vector so we can use it in the next loop.
    for value in &values {
        println!("VALUE: {}", value);
    }

    // We can ignore the iteration variable if we want.
    for _ in &values {
        println!("ITERATION");
    }
}VALUE: 10
VALUE: 20
VALUE: 30
ITERATION
ITERATION
ITERATION

Enumerate

Consider the for-in loop: we may often want to get both the element value at each index, and the index itself. We can use enumerate() to get these 2-value pairs.

Tip We call enumerate() on the result of iter(). We can get the 2 values from the tuple directly in the for-loop.

Here We access the 3 elements from the str array, alongside the 3 indexes (0, 1 and 2).

fn main() {
    let items = ["chair", "computer", "screen"];

    // Use enumerate to get an index and value for each element.
    for (i, item) in items.iter().enumerate() {
        println!("ITEM: {} = {}", i, item);
    }
}ITEM: 0 = chair
ITEM: 1 = computer
ITEM: 2 = screen

`Reverse`

To loop in reverse, we can get the iterator with iter() and then call rev(). This starts at the last element, and proceeds to the first.

fn main() {
    let items = vec![10, 20, 30, 40];

    // Loop over items in reverse.
    for item in items.iter().rev() {
        println!("ITEM: {item}");
    }
}ITEM: 40
ITEM: 30
ITEM: 20
ITEM: 10

For chars

In programs we often need to iterate over every character in a string. With for, we can do this in Rust—we can avoid some bugs easily this way.

Usize indexes

Suppose we are looping over a range of i32 values, but want to access a Vec or slice with the value. We must cast to a usize in Rust.

For-loops are clear and easy-to-use in Rust. One important trick is the inclusive end value in range—the equals sign is part of the range.