Extends

A class can be based upon another (derived from it). This requires the "extends" keyword in the class declaration. One class extends another.

No multiple inheritance

Java does not allow a class to extend multiple other classes. This reduces problems with inheriting state, like fields, from many parents.

A first example

Let us begin with a simple "extends" example. Here class B extends class A. Usually longer, more descriptive class names are best.

Note In main we create a new instance of B but treat it as an A reference. We use a method from A, but the B method is selected.

Note 2 The call() method is implemented on both A and B. The most derived B implementation is used when an A reference is acted upon.

class A {
    public void call() {
        System.out.println("A.call");
    }
}

class B extends A {
    public void call() {
        System.out.println("B.call");
    }
}

public class Program {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // Reference new B class by A type.
        A a = new B();
        // Invoke B.call from A class instance.
        a.call();
    }
}
B.call

Example 2

Here we have an Animal class with one method. We then have a Dog class that derives from Animal. In main() we can use one method on Animal.

Info On the Dog class we can use the methods from Animal and Dog. So the dog can breathe() and bark().

Note We find we can instantiate parent classes, or child classes, directly. The best class depends on what your program is doing.

class Animal {
    public void breathe() {
        System.out.println("Breathe");
    }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
    public void bark() {
        System.out.println("Woof");
    }
}

public class Program {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // On an animal we can call one method.
        Animal animal = new Animal();
        animal.breathe();

        // On a dog we can use Animal or Dog methods.
        Dog dog = new Dog();
        dog.breathe();
        dog.bark();
    }
}Breathe
Breathe
Woof

Multiple inheritance

We cannot use "extends" on multiple classes. A class can only inherit from one class. This avoids problems where fields (state) is inherited from many classes at once.

In extending classes, we gain the parent's fields and methods. And we add in all that parent's extended classes. We compose complex and powerful programs.